ATG12 and breast carcinoma: Given the evidence that the activity of the ATG5-ATG12 complex was upregulated in LAMP2A knockdown HeLa cells17 and that macroautophagy serves as a pro-death mechanism in breast cancer cells18–20, we hypothesized that the regulation of breast cancer cell metastasis by CMA may be associated with ATG5-dependent macroautophagy.