The underlying mechanism(s) of this phenomenon are currently unknown; however, earlier study showed complete loss of DNA bound c-Jun/c-Fos complexes and resultant inhibition of AP-1 response genes by ectopically expressed Fra-147 or by modulating gene expression via exerting epigenetic changes induced by curcumin in cancer cells35, 48–50 that also encompass members of AP-1 family51. This evidence concerns the gene FOS and cancer.