INS and Obesity: Searches were free texts and included the following keywords: “high fat diet,” “ion channel,” “obesity,” “metabolic syndrome,” “LQTS,” “atrial fibrillation,” “dyslipidemia,” “cardiac calcium channel,” “cardiac potassium channel,” “cardiac sodium channel,” “Ca handling proteins,” “NCX,” “pro-inflammatory cytokines,” “insulin,” “leptin,” “hyperglycemia,” and “hyperuricemia.” Despite our thorough search, it is also possible that we may have missed relevant studies including non–English language studies.