VCAM1 and neoplasm: In these biochemical markers, such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1, CD44, MMP2, MMP9, we observed that the expression of CD44, MMP2 and ICAM-1 was significantly reduced in WFCD2 knockout tumor cells, which might explain WFCD2 knockdown reduced the mobility of tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo (Results are schematically summarized in Fig. 5f).