Notably, it has been shown that colonization of germ-free IL10-deficient mice with H. hepaticus and Lactobacillus reuteri but not either species alone, led to severe typhlocolitis in germ-free IL10-deficient mice (Whary et al., 2011), indicating that colonization with a Gram-negative pathobiont (Helicobacter) in association with other microbes is sufficient to drive intestinal inflammation in susceptible murine strains, and raising the possibility that the expansion of H. ganmani in the context of other non-pathogenic flora is responsible for development of infantile colitis in our model. The gene discussed is IL10; the disease is colitis.