TNF and pulmonary tuberculosis: Interestingly, Bharti et al. [21] have recently found that the presence of the TLR9 −1486 C allele increases transcriptional activity of the TLR9 gene, which in turn induces high levels of Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis; however, expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and TNFα was significantly lower in TLR9 C allele carriers as compared to those with the TLR9 −1486 T allele.