For instance, increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukins, IL6 and IL1β are highly expressed during the early stages of AD (Sudduth et al., 2013) with levels of TNFα 25-fold higher in AD cerebrospinal fluid than controls (Tarkowski et al., 1999). Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.