TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: Circulating autoantibodies, immune complex deposition, and complement activation are SLE hallmarks; however, a growing body of evidence has shown the importance of cytokines/chemokines in this disease, such as interleukin (IL)-6, B lymphocyte stimulator, IL-17, type I IFNs, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and Th1 chemokines.