DKK1 and atherosclerosis: As Wnt signaling pathway inhibitors, DKK family members DKK1, DKK2, and DKK4 were proved to antagonize canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling by Frizzled family receptors and LRP5/LRP6 coreceptors.3,56 It has been demonstrated that DKK1 and DKK2 have important functions in endothelial function,57–59 including the role that DKK1 plays in accelerating proinflammatory response and atherosclerosis.59 In the present study, we found that the DKK1 level in human blood showed a significant positive association with atherosclerosis independently of DKK3 levels.