DKK3 and atherosclerosis: DKK3, as a secretory glycoprotein, can be released from a variety of tissues in mouse under physiological conditions, which explains the ubiquitous expression of DKK3 in vivo.48 In our study, we created chimeric mice models to further investigate which source of circulating DKK3 takes part in the protection from atherosclerosis and neointima formation.