AMPD1 and congestive heart failure: While several recent studies also suggested that AMPD1 may play essential roles in the initiation and development of CVD, for instance, it has been demonstrated that AMPD1 allele mutation play a protective role during congestive heart failure (CHF) development, which contributed to prolong possibility of survival without cardiac transplantation [13], meanwhile, it can alleviate the aortic stiffness and inflammation for patients with CAD [10].