In patients with end-stage heart failure due to dilated, ischemic or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), ANKRD1 levels were found to be significantly augmented in the myocardium, suggesting that up-regulation of ANKRD1 may play an important role in the disease progression of heart failure [7,109,111]. This evidence concerns the gene ANKRD1 and heart failure.