TNF and atherosclerosis: The present study marks the first report showing that DHPV has the most potent preventive effects on TNF-α-stimulated THP-1 monocyte-endothelial adhesion among the procyanidin derivatives, downregulates two prominent biomarkers of atherosclerosis (VCAM-1 and MCP-1), activates NF-κB transcription, and phosphorylates IKK and IκBα.