TNF and hepatocellular carcinoma: In 1991, Crowl et al. concluded that human hepatoma cells (HepG2) release sPLA2-IIA in response to various chemotactic factors which include tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6 during an episode of inflammation, therefore implying that sPLA2-IIA could exemplify an acute-phase reactant [34].