Luminal ATP triggers Th17-prone molecules, such as IL-6, IL-23p19 and TGFβ-activating integrin-αV and -β8 from a CD70high CD11clow subset of the lamina propria cells, and administration of ATP exacerbates a T-cell-mediated colitis model with enhanced Th17 differentiation [18]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and colitis.