TGFB1 and vascular disorder: It is currently unclear whether the relationship between such a contraction vasculopathy and TGF-β dysregulation correlates with - or is a precipitating cause of TAAs (Isselbacher et al., 2016), considering that TGF-β can both induce a phenotypic switch in SMCs and stimulate the secretion of matrix-degrading enzymes, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), from these cells(Renard et al., 2013).