TLR4 and brain ischemia: Ogiku et al. (2011) found that GL protected ischemia reperfusion liver injury by stabilization of the membrane structure of hepatocytes. In addition, GL was reported to attenuate inflammatory responses induced by TLR-3 and TLR-4, alter the integrity of the plasma membrane and attenuate receptor mediated signaling (Schröfelbauer et al., 2009). Barakat et al. (2014) found that GL suppressed the expression of TLR-2, TLR-4 expression in brain ischemia.