This early mucosal resistance phenotype was associated with an early increase of mucosal protein levels of IL-1β, IL-22, KC/CXCL1 and MCP-1 (Fig 5D–5G) and elevated transcription rates of Cxcl1 and Nos2/iNos (Fig 5B and 5C) measured at 18 hours post infection. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and infection.