Another human study showed a stimulation of dendritic cells by Moraxella, leading to a three-to-five-fold increase in interleukin (IL)-23, IL-10, and IL-12p70 in comparison to stimulation by known respiratory commensal bacteria [83].As the microbiome influences the host immune response, one can speculate that a dysbiosis can cause disease, as has been shown for intestinal disease in dogs [84] or rhinosinusitis in a murine model [10]. Here, IL10 is linked to intestinal disorder.