KRAS and cancer: Hyper-activated K-Ras is associated with overproduction of ROS, as reported in a cancer context [40], and, moreover, astrocytes gliosis is associated with hyper-activation of Ras signaling pathways induced by oncogenic K-Ras [41]; it is conceivable that astrocytic Ras-dependent pathways are important mediators of neuroprotective adaptive responses to oxidative stress.