TNF and nervous system disorder: Activated microglia and astrocytes also release a variety of cytokines, chemokines, and toxic factors, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and NO, all of which may lead to neuronal toxicity and result in the aggressive neuronal apoptosis, that has been reported as the most crucial event in neuronal loss of neurological diseases (D’Amelio et al., 2010; Allaman et al., 2011; Heneka et al., 2015; Varley et al., 2015).