TNF and tuberculosis: Therefore, LTBI subjects carry an increased risk of progression to TB which is augmented in LTBI individuals with immune impairment as HIV coinfection [47] or therapies with TNF-α inhibitors [1, 3, 48, 49] or other immune regulators used for inflammatory diseases and transplantation [50] or compromised immunity due to noncommunicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes [51, 52].