In the CSF and nigrostriatal regions of PD brains examined at autopsy, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, TNF, IFN-γ, and IL-6 were increased compared to those of age-matched HC subjects.47–49 In the present studies, monocytes and T cells from PD patients were shown to secrete more pro-inflammatory cytokines than T cells from healthy individuals. This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and Parkinson disease.