Our mAb recognizes the C-terminal sequence of the HMGB1 molecule and can neutralize the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1)-inducing activity of HMGB1 in vitro;19 moreover, therapeutic effects against brain stroke, atherosclerosis, and viral infections have also been reported.19, 20, 21. This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and viral infectious disease.