VEGFA and neoplasm: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are the initial treatment of choice due to their potential to increase nitric oxide release and to reduce bradykinin catabolism, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression, microcirculatory changes, and proteinuria [102, 174-175]. An additional benefit of RAAS inhibitors may be potentiation of the antiangiogenic effects of VEGF-based therapy since angiotensin II–IV (downstream cleavage products of angiotensinogen) upregulates VEGF in tumor tissue [176].