TGFB1 and Alzheimer disease: In the present study, both AD-MSCs and EVs similarly reduced collagen fiber deposition in the lung parenchyma and airways, TGF-β levels in lung tissue, total cell counts, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ (Treg cells) and eosinophil percentage in BALF, IL-5 levels in lung tissue, and percentage of CD3+CD4+ T cells in the thymus.