Moreover, inhibition of BMP signaling using LDN193189 attenuated Smad1/5 activation and reduced endothelial inflammation and calcification in atherosclerosis mouse models (63, 64), thus further supporting our findings that Smad1/5 plays a key role in regulating endothelial homeostasis through the expression of selectins and adhesion molecules. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD1 and atherosclerosis.