Immune modulators that increased during co-infections compared to CHIKV mono-infection were IFN-ω (2.8 fold, p<0.001), TNF-α (1.38 fold, p = 0.011) and IFN-β (5.26 fold, p = 0.003 at 24 hpi). Here, IFNB1 is linked to coinfection.