2000; Tsuru et al. 2016). ATF4 and Nrf2 can bind DNA as a homodimer or as a heterodimer, as well as other bZip transcription factors to regulate different gene sets. CHOP works in concert with ATF4 to activate expression of GADD34, creating a negative feedback loop that limits translational repression (Ma and Hendershot 2003); however, induction of GADD34 seems to fail during neurodegenerative disease, leading to chronic UPR activation (Moreno et al. 2012). The gene discussed is ATF4; the disease is neurodegenerative disease.