CCR5 and infection: To date, it is well known that innate immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells (DC's) and neutrophils) are involved in the acute stage of the infection by triggering the myeloid-differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88) signaling pathway after uptake and intracellular recognition of the parasite by CC-receptor 5 (CCR5) or Toll-like receptor (TLR) 11 and 12 in mice; TLR7, 8, and 9 in human and TLR7 and 9 in other mammals like pigs (Miller et al., 2009; Andrade et al., 2013; Koblansky et al., 2013; Gazzinelli et al., 2014).