GFAP and neurodegenerative disease: In support of this premise, increases in GFAP expression are associated with EGCs differentiation, inflammation, and injury (Ochoa-Cortes et al., 2016); S100β expression and release by ECGs at μM levels are linked to pathological conditions (Rühl, 2005); and EGCs gliosis, detected by increased GFAP levels and/or S100β immunoreactivity/release, has been reported in ulcerative colitis, microbial infection and neurodegenerative diseases (Ochoa-Cortes et al., 2016).