IL1B and neurodegenerative disease: During the last several years, our knowledge on the interleukin (IL)-1 family molecules, as central mediators of innate immunity/inflammation and as “guilty” molecules of the development of autoinflammatory, autoimmune, infectious and degenerative diseases, has increased (Sims and Smith, 2010; Dinarello, 2011a,b, 2013; Dinarello and van der Meer, 2013; Garlanda et al., 2013a) The IL-1 family encompasses 11 cytokines/ligands and 10 related receptors (Dinarello et al., 2010; Boraschi and Tagliabue, 2013).