AKT1 and acute kidney injury: Increasing evidence reveals that β-arrestin 2 can modulate the activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt.77, 78 Activated Akt phosphorylates downstream GSK3β at serine 9, resulting in GSK3β inactivation.79, 80 Our study showed that neither chronic alcohol exposure nor renal IR-induced AKI altered the expression of GSK3β, but both reduced GSK3β phosphorylation at serine 9, indicating enhanced GSK3β activation.