VWM is caused by recessive mutations in any of the five genes (EIF2B1, EIF2B2, EIF2B3, EIF2B4, and EIF2B5) encoding the subunits of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B, subunits α, β, γ, δ and ε) [240]. Here, EIF2B4 is linked to leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter.