The unadjusted odds ratio (OR) for hepatitis B vaccination was 1.46 (95% CI=1.36–1.57, p<0.01) for diabetic Asians, and 1.31 (95% CI=1.19–1.44, p<0.01) for diabetic blacks; (Table 2); both when compared to diabetic Whites. Here, PPIB is linked to hepatitis A virus infection.