VEGFA and neoplasm: M1 macrophages express genes, which are pro-inflammatory and cytotoxic including inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), IL-12, IL-23, TNF-α, class II MHC, and the chemokines IL-8 and CCL2, participating in killing intracellular parasites and tumor development whereas anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages produce cytokines and substances involved in repairing function, typically arginase/ornithine, EGF, VEGF, and TGF-β, IL-10, IL-4 and mannose receptor45–48.