CXCL1 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Thus, mice developed obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, hypoadiponectinemia, systemic low-grade inflammation (increased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and CXCL1), fatty liver, macrophage infiltration in the liver and islets of Langerhans and increased apoptosis in these tissues.