TNF and acute myeloid leukemia: Inflammation and TNF signaling have also been directly implicated in the disruption of BM microenvironment and hematopoiesis in patients with a range of myeloid malignancies (Chen et al., 2016; Koschmieder et al., 2016), including elevated TNF levels in patients with AML (Sanchez-Correa et al., 2013), correlating with high leukocyte count and resistant disease (Tsimberidou et al., 2008).