VAPB and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: In humans, reduced VAPB MSPd function is associated with sporadic and familial ALS cases (Deidda et al., 2014; Kabashi et al., 2013; Larroquette et al., 2015; Mitne-Neto et al., 2011; Teuling et al., 2007; Tsuda et al., 2008).