A univariate analysis identified 14 significant risk factors associated with OS in cohort 1: the male sex, age ≥ 70 years, ever smokers, respiratory diseases, DM, malignancies, neurological diseases, chronic renal diseases, BMI <18.5 kg/m2, lymphocyte count <1000 cells/μL, Hb <10.0 g/dL, Alb <3.5 g/dL, CRP ≥1.0 mg/dL, and FC disease (Table 3). Here, ALB is linked to diabetes mellitus.