INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In summary, acute injection of E2HSA significantly decreased non-fasting glycemia and food intake levels over a longer duration, while repeated injections restrained fluctuations in glycaemia levels, decreased HbA1c levels, corrected abnormal insulin/glucagon homeostasis and improved β-cell function, as well as ameliorating dyslipidemia and obesity in KKAy mice.