TNF and limb ischemia: Shih et al. [1] have suggested that TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in limb tissues after limb ischemia/reperfusion lead to the activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and increase the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) on both neutrophils and endothelial cells, resulting in local tissue injury and downstream damage to the lungs.