Considering the extremely low mRNA expression of PKCβ (for the real-time PCR analysis, the Ct values for PKCβ were over 40 cycles in the 5637, T24 and TCC-SUP cell lines, Fig. 1A) in the bladder cancer cell lines, we concluded that PKCα played the dominant role in PMA-induced NF-κB activation. Here, NFKB1 is linked to urinary bladder carcinoma.