We examined the transcript levels during the early stages of infection (0–36 hpi) of four rice pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (PR1a, PAD4, CHT1 and AOS2) involved in the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways [5, 42, 43] by qRT-PCR and results indicated significantly higher transcription levels of all PR genes elicited by ΔMoend3 infection than by Guy11 infection (S7F Fig). Here, PADI4 is linked to infection.