HMGB1, classified as a late onset mediator of sepsis which may function as a pro-inflammatory and anti-bacterial factor [38, 39], was consistently down regulated in melioidosis patients irrespective of other confounding factors like comorbidities (risk factors) and duration of clinical symptoms and treatment, compared to other sepsis infection cases (Tables 2–5, Figs 1–3). Here, HMGB1 is linked to Sepsis.