When these five pathways were separately inhibited in experimental settings, only inhibition of β-catenin or TGF-β signalling could consistently impair the effects of miR-128-3p on the migration and self-renewal of NSCLC cells (Fig. 5c), suggesting that the biological effects of miR-128-3p were attributable to altered β-catenin and TGF-β signalling. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.