Expression of TNF receptor-associated factor 1 has been found to be higher in OCSCC than normal oral mucosa and oral epithelial dysplasia, and is associated with reduced overall survival, Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1, Lin28 homolog B, and most importantly ALDH1 in OSCC (102). Here, TRAF1 is linked to dysplastic oral keratinocyte.