Intra-hippocampal administration of insulin in a T2DM rat model attenuated cognitive impairment (McNay et al., 2010) and in a separate study nasal insulin administration in a diabetic mouse model improved diabetic-related decline in cognitive function, offering evidence that overcoming insulin resistance may have therapeutic benefits in AD patients (Wang et al., 2010). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.