VGF and Alzheimer disease: In the Alzheimer’s disease patients, the VGF peptides named “GGGE” were found decreased in the cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF; Carrette et al., 2003) while those named PGH, together with the VGF C-/N- terminus peptides and the NERP-1 were reduced in the brain cortex (Cocco et al., 2010).