VGF and schizophrenia: As to schizophrenia patients, one VGF N-terminal fragment (VGF24–60) was found to be increased in the CSF from drug naïve and treated subjects (Huang et al., 2006, 2007), while in post mortem hypothalamus samples, immunoreactivity cell density for the VGF N-terminus was reduced in neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei (Busse et al., 2012).