CCL3 and Alzheimer disease: Expression of CCL3 is upregulated in the CNS during multiple sclerosis (MS) [14, 15] and its experimental model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis [16–18], Alzheimer's disease [19, 20], seizure disorders [21–25], and viral [26, 27] as well as bacterial neuroinflammation [28, 29] and is mainly localized in microglia and perivascular macrophages [15, 30].