As expected, several pathways were activated upon infection, including PKC, which is rapidly activated by influenza hemagglutinin15 and is critical for enveloped virus entry;16, 17 ERK, which is upregulated by the influenza matrix protein18 and is essential for viral RNP formation and nuclear export;19, 20 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), which has been shown to be crucial for IAV infection21, 22, 23 (Figure 2A, top). The gene discussed is NFKB1; the disease is infection.